Incrustaciones en las embarcaciones menores como factores de contaminación biológica y resistencia al avance

  1. Alejandro Fernández-Cudeiro 1
  2. Deva Menéndez-Teleña 1
  3. Verónica Soto-López 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Oviedo
    info

    Universidad de Oviedo

    Oviedo, España

    ROR https://ror.org/006gksa02

Revista:
Anuario de estudios marítimos

ISSN: 2792-9698

Año de publicación: 2023

Número: 2

Páginas: 445-473

Tipo: Artículo

DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR

Otras publicaciones en: Anuario de estudios marítimos

Resumen

La contaminación biológica causada por la introducción de especies marinas invasoras a través de las incrustaciones del casco es uno de los grandes problemas que afronta el sector marítimo, generando consecuencias negativas tanto a nivel económico como medioambiental. Siendo algo conocido en la marina mercante, se les ha prestado poca atención a las embarcaciones menores, siendo estas más numerosas, estando más dispersas geográficamente y teniendo desplazamientos más erráticos. En este estudio, se realiza una aproximación inicial de cómo estas embarcaciones actúan de vectores secundarios de propagación, a la vez que se tratan las consecuencias que estas incrustaciones acarrean a los buques. También, se plantean posibles soluciones a esta problemática por medio de la aplicación de revestimientos antifouling y la aprobación de normativas reguladoras.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • AMBIO, 2010. Advanced nanostructured surfaces for the control of biofouling.
  • ASHTON, G., KARIN, B., SHUCKSMITH, R., COOK, E., 2006. Risk assessment of hull fouling as a vector for marine non-natives in Scotland. Aquat. Invasions 1, 214-218. https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2006.1.4.4.
  • Australian Department of the Environment and New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries, 2015. Anti-fouling and In-water Cleaning Guidelines 31.
  • BERENDSEN, A. M., 2013. Marine Painting Manual. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • BERGSTROM, D. M., LUCIEER, A., KIEFER, K., WASLEY, J., BELBIN, L., PEDERSEN, T. K., CHOWN, S. L., 2009. Indirect effects of invasive species removal devastate World Heritage Island. J. Appl. Ecol. 46, 73-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01601.x.
  • BONANNO, G., ORLANDO-BONACA, M., 2019. Non-indigenous marine species in the Mediterranean Sea-Myth and reality. Environ. Sci. Policy 96, 123-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.03.014.
  • BUCHAN, L., PADILLA, D., 1999. Estimating the Probability of Long-Distance Overland Dispersal of Invading Aquatic Species. Ecol. Appl. 9, 254-265. https://doi.org/10.2307/2641184.
  • California Code of Regulations [WWW Document], 2017. LII Leg. Inf. Inst. URL https://www.law.cornell.edu/regulations/california/title- 2/division-3/chapter-1/article-4.8 (accessed 7.18.22).
  • CAMPBELL, M., KEITH, I., HEWITT, C., DAWSON, T., COLLINS, K., 2015. Evolving Marine Biosecurity in the Galapagos Islands. Manag. Biol. Invasions 6, 227-230. https://doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2015.6.3.01.
  • CANDELAS CORRALES, G., 2018. Estudio y realización de base de datos de pinturas Antifouling para embarcaciones de recreo.
  • CANDRIES, M., 2001. Drag, boundary-layer and roughness characteristics of marine surfaces coated with antifoulings. University of Newcastle upon Tyne Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
  • CANDRIES, M., ATLAR, M., 2005. Experimental Investigation of the Turbulent Boundary Layer of Surfaces Coated with Marine Antifoulings. J. Fluids Eng. 127, 219-232. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1891148.
  • CAPPATO, A., CANAVELLO, S., BAGGIANI, B., 2011. Cruises and Recreational Boating in the Mediterranean. Plan Bleu.
  • CARLTON, J. T., 1996. Pattern, process, and prediction in marine invasion ecology. Biol. Conserv., Invasion Biology 78, 97-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(96)00020-1.
  • CARLTON, J. T., 1985. Transoceanic and interoceanic dispersal of coastal marine organisms: the biology of ballast water. Transoceanic Interoceanic Dispersal Coast. Mar. Org. Biol. Ballast Water 23, 313-371.
  • CLARKE MURRAY, C., GARTNER, H., GREGR, E. J., CHAN, K., PAKHOMOV, E., THERRIAULT, T. W., 2014. Spatial distribution of marine invasive species: environmental, demographic and vector drivers. Divers. Distrib. 20, 824-836. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12215.
  • CLARKE MURRAY, C., PAKHOMOV, E. A., THERRIAULT, T. W., 2011. Recreational boating: a large unregulated vector transporting marine invasive species. Divers. Distrib. 17, 1161-1172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00798.x.
  • CLARKE MURRAY, C., THERRIAULT, T. W., MARTONE, P. T., 2012. Adapted for invasion? Comparing attachment, drag and dislodgment of native and nonindigenous hull fouling species. Biol. Invasions 14, 1651-1663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-012-0178-0.
  • CONNELL, S. D., 2000. Floating pontoons create novel habitats for subtidal epibiota. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 247, 183-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(00)00147-7.
  • COUTTS, A., PIOLA, R., HEWITT, C., CONNELL, S., GARDNER, J., 2010. Effect of vessel voyage speed on survival of biofouling organisms: Implications for translocation of non-indigenous marine species. Biofouling 26, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927010903174599.
  • DAVIDSON, I., SCIANNI, C., HEWITT, C., EVERETT, R., HOLM, E., TAMBURRI, M., RUIZ, G., 2016. Mini-review: Assessing the drivers of ship biofouling management – aligning industry and biosecurity goals. Biofouling 32, 411-428. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2016.1149572.
  • DAVIDSON, I., ZABIN, C., CHANG, A., BROWN, C., SYTSMA, M., RUIZ, G., 2010. Recreational boats as potential vectors of marine organisms at an invasion hotspot. Aquat. Biol. 11, 179-191. https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00302.
  • DAVIDSON, I. C., MCCANN, L. D., FOFONOFF, P. W., SYTSMA, M. D., RUIZ, G. M., 2008. The potential for hull-mediated species transfers by obsolete ships on their final voyages. Divers. Distrib. 14, 518-529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00465.x.
  • DAVIS, M. A., GRIME, J. P., THOMPSON, K., 2000. Fluctuating resources in plant communities: a general theory of invasibility. J. Ecol. 88, 528- 534. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00473.x.
  • DRAKE, J. M., LODGE, D. M., 2004. Global hot spots of biological invasions: evaluating options for ballast-water management. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 271, 575-580.
  • DURR, S., THOMASON, J. C., 2010. Biofouling., 1st ed. ed. Blackwell Publishing.
  • European Environment Agency, Rabitsch, W., Genovesi, P., Scalera, R., Essl, F., 2012. The impacts of invasive alien species in Europe. Publications Office of the European Union, LU.
  • FLOERL, O., 2002. Inracoastal Spread of Fouling Organisms by Recreations Vessels.
  • FLOERL, O., INGLIS, G., 2003. Boat harbour design can exacerbate hull fouling. Austral Ecol. 28, 116-127. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442- 9993.2003.01254.x.
  • FLOERL, O., INGLIS, G. J., 2005. Starting the invasion pathway: the interaction between source populations and human transport vectors. Biol. Invasions 7, 589-606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-004-0952-8.
  • FLOERL, O., INGLIS, G. J., DEY, K., SMITH, A., 2009. The importance of transport hubs in stepping-stone invasions. J. Appl. Ecol. 46, 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01540.x.
  • FOSTER, V., GIESLER, R. J., WILSON, A. M. W., NALL, C. R., COOK, E. J., 2016. Identifying the physical features of marina infrastructure associated with the presence of non-native species in the UK. Mar. Biol. 163, 173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-016-2941-8.
  • FRISCH, A. J., RIZZARI, J. R., 2019. Parks for sharks: human exclusion areas outperform no-take marine reserves. Front. Ecol. Environ. 17, 145- 150. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2003.
  • GALIL, B., MARCHINI, A., Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A., Ojaveer, H., 2017. The enlargement of the Suez Canal – Erythraean introductions and management challenges.
  • GALIL, B. S., MARCHINI, A., OCCHIPINTI-AMBROGI, A., 2018. East is east and West is west? Management of marine bioinvasions in the Mediterranean Sea. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., Vectors of change in the marine environment 201, 7-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2015.12.021.
  • GAVIRA-O’NEILL, K., GUERRA-GARCÍA, J. M., MOREIRA, J., ROS, M., 2018. Mobile epifauna of the invasive bryozoan Tricellaria inopinata: is there a potential invasional meltdown? Mar. Biodivers. 48, 1169-1178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-016-0563-5.
  • GRŽETIC, Z., LUKOVIC, T., BOŽIC, K., 2013. Cap. 3 - Nautical Tourism market suppliers in the Mediterranean. T. Lukovic (Ed.), Nautical tourism., in: Nautical Tourism. Boston, MA: CABI., pp. 47-70.
  • HASLBECK, E. G., BOHLANDER, G. S., 1992. Microbial Biofilm Effects on Drag-Lab and Field (Conference paper No. ADP023028). Annapolis.
  • HEGER, T., TREPL, L., 2003. Predicting Biological Invasions. Biol. Invasions 5, 301-309. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BINV.0000005568.44154.12.
  • HEWITT, C. L., EVERETT, R. A., PARKER, N., 2009. Examples of Current International, Regional and National Regulatory Frameworks for Preventing and Managing Marine Bioinvasions, in: Rilov, G., Crooks, J. A. (Eds.), Biological Invasions in Marine Ecosystems: Ecological, Management, and Geographic Perspectives, Ecological Studies. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 335-352. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3- 540-79236-9_19.
  • HULME, P. E., 2009. Trade, transport and trouble: managing invasive species pathways in an era of globalization. J. Appl. Ecol. 46, 10-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01600.x.
  • IACARELLA, J. C., BURKE, L., DAVIDSON, I. C., DIBACCO, C., THERRIAULT, T. W., DUNHAM, A., 2020. Unwanted networks: Vessel traffic heightens the risk of invasions in marine protected areas. Biol. Conserv. 245, 108553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108553.
  • IMO, 2020. Fourth IMO GHG Study 2020. https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environment/Documents/Fourth%20IMO%20GHG%20Study%202020%20- %20Full%20report%20and%20annexes.pdf (accessed 11.20.22).
  • IMO, 2012. Guidance for minimizing the transfer of invasive aquatic species as biofouling (hullfouling) for recreational craft. MEPC. 1/CIRC. 792, International Maritime Organization. https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environment/Documents/MEPC.1- Circ.792.pdf (accessed 10.14.22).
  • IMO, 2009. Second IMO Greenhouse Gas Study. https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environment/Documents/SecondIMOGHGStudy2009.pdf (accessed 10.07.22).
  • IMO, 2004. International Convention for the control and management of ships ballast water and sediments. http://library.arcticportal.org/1913/1/International%20Convention%20for%20the%20Control%20and%20Management%20of%20Ships%27%20Ballast%20Water%(accessed 10.25.22).
  • IMO, 2001. Adoption of the Final Act of the Conference and Any Instruments, Recommendations and Resolutions Resulting from the Work of the Conference - International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems on Ships, 2001 28. https://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/afs-convention.pdf (accessed 10.25.22).
  • IUCN: Defining Protected Areas, 2008. Nature 188, 716-717. https://doi.org/10.1038/188716b0.
  • JENKINS, P. T., 1996. Free Trade and Exotic Species Introductions. Conserv. Biol. 10, 300-302.
  • LACKENBY, H., 1962. The Thirty-Fourth Thomas Lowe Gray Lecture: Resistance of Ships, with Special Reference to Skin Friction and Hull Surface Condition. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. 176, 981-1014. https://doi.org/10.1243/PIME_PROC_1962_176_077_02.
  • LALAGUNA, C. D., MARCO, A. A., 2008. The zebra mussel invasion in Spain and navigation rules. Aquat. Invasions 3, 315-324. https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2008.3.3.6.
  • LAWLER, J. J., AUKEMA, J. E., GRANT, J. B., HALPERN, B. S., KAREIVA, P., NELSON, C. R., OHLETH, K., OLDEN, J. D., SCHLAEPFER, M. A., SILLIMAN, B. R., ZARADIC, P., 2006. Conservation science: a 20-year report card. Front. Ecol. Environ. 4, 473-480. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2006)4[473:CSAYRC]2.0.CO;2.
  • LEHTINIEMI, M., OJAVEER, H., DAVID, M., GALIL, B., GOLLASCH, S., MCKENZIE, C., MINCHIN, D., OCCHIPINTI-AMBROGI, A., OLENIN, S., PEDERSON, J., 2015. Dose of truth-Monitoring marine non-indigenous species to serve legislative requirements. Mar. Policy 54, 26-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2014.12.015.
  • LEPPÄKOSKI, E., GOLLASCH, S., OLENIN, S. (Eds.), 2002. Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe. Distribution, Impacts and Management. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9956-6.
  • LEVINE, J. M., D&#39, C. M., ANTONIO, 2003. Forecasting Biological Invasions with Increasing International Trade. Conserv. Biol. 17, 322.
  • LODGE, D. M., WILLIAMS, S., MACISAAC, H. J., HAYES, K. R., LEUNG, B., REICHARD, S., MACK, R. N., MOYLE, P. B., SMITH, M., ANDOW, D. A., CARLTON, J. T., MCMICHAEL, A., 2006. Biological Invasions: Recommendations for U.s. Policy and Management. Ecol. Appl. 16, 2035- 2054. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[2035:BIRFUP]2.0.CO;2.
  • MARCHINI, A., FERRARIO, J., MINCHIN, D., 2015. Marinas may act as hubs for the spread of the pseudo-indigenous bryozoan <em>Amathia verticillata</em> (Delle Chiaje, 1822) and its associates. Sci. Mar. 79, 355-365. https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.04238.03A.
  • MARCHINI, A., GALIL, B., OCCHIPINTI, A., OJAVEER, H., 2017. The Suez Canal and Mediterranean Marine invasions: media coverage. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24020.71046.
  • MCCLARY, D., PASCHKE, P., REMPEL-HESTER, M. A., KNOWLEN, M., PINZA, M., 2017. Washington State Vessel-Related Biofouling Management 6-Year Strategic Plan [WWW Document]. Wash. Dep. Fish Wildl. URL https://wdfw.wa.gov/publications/02252 (accessed 8.16.22).
  • MICHELI, F., HALPERN, B. S., WALBRIDGE, S., CIRIACO, S., FERRETTI, F., FRASCHETTI, S., LEWISON, R., NYKJAER, L., ROSENBERG, A. A., 2013. Cumulative Human Impacts on Mediterranean and Black Sea Marine Ecosystems: Assessing Current Pressures and Opportunities. PLOS ONE 8, e79889. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079889.
  • MINCHIN, D., FLOERL, O., SAVINI, D., OCCHIPINTI-AMBROGI, A., 2006. Small craft and the spread of exotic species, in: Davenport, J., Davenport, J. L. (Eds.), The Ecology of Transportation: Managing Mobility for the Environment, Environmental Pollution. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp. 99-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4504-2_6.
  • MINCHIN, D., GOLLASCH, S., 2003. Fouling and Ships’ Hulls: How Changing Circumstances and Spawning Events may Result in the Spread of Exotic Species. Biofouling 19, 111-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/0892701021000057891.
  • MINCHIN, D., GOLLASCH, S., WALLENTINUS, I., 2005. Vector Pathways and the Spread of Exotic Species in the Sea.
  • Ministry for Primary Industries, 2018a. Biofouling on Vessels Arriving to New Zealand 10.
  • Ministry for Primary Industries, 2018b. Guidance Document for the Craft Risk Management Standard for Biofouling 31.
  • MOSER, C. S., WIER, T. P., GRANT, J. F., FIRST, M. R., TAMBURRI, M. N., RUIZ, G. M., MILLER, A. W., DRAKE, L. A., 2016. Quantifying the total wetted surface area of the world fleet: a first step in determining the potential extent of ships’ biofouling. Biol. Invasions 18, 265-277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-015-1007-z.
  • MUIRHEAD, J. R., MACISAAC, H. J., 2005. Development of inland lakes as hubs in an invasion network. J. Appl. Ecol. 42, 80-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2004.00988.x.
  • MURRAY, C., LYNNE, C., 2012. The role of recreational boating in the introduction and spread of marine invasive species. University of British Columbia. https://doi.org/10.14288/1.0053492.
  • NAKAO, M., 1988. Senpaku no toso to toryo (Coating and paint for ships). Ship Technol. Soc. 85-87.
  • OLSON, L. J., 2006. The Economics of Terrestrial Invasive Species: A Review of the Literature. Agric. Resour. Econ. Rev. 35, 178-194. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1068280500010145.
  • PIMENTEL, D., ZUNIGA, R., MORRISON, D., 2005. Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States. Ecol. Econ., Integrating Ecology and Economics in Control Bioinvasions 52, 273-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.10.002.
  • PIOLA, R. F., DAFFORN, K. A., JOHNSTON, E. L., 2009. The influence of antifouling practices on marine invasions. Biofouling 25, 633-644. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927010903063065.
  • SCHULTZ, M. P., FLACK, K. A., 2007. The rough-wall turbulent boundary layer from the hydraulically smooth to the fully rough regime. J. Fluid Mech. 580, 381-405. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112007005502.
  • SCHULTZ, M. P., SWAIN, G. W., 2000. The influence of biofilms on skin friction drags. Biofouling 15, 129-139. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927010009386304.
  • SIMARD, NATHALIE, PELLETIER-ROUSSEAU, M., CLARKE MURRAY, C., MCKINDSEY, C., THERRIAULT, T., LACOURSIÈRE-ROUSSEL, A., BERNIER, R., SEPHTON, D., DROLET, D., LOCKE, A., MARTIN, J., DRAKE, A., MCKENZIE, C., 2017. National Risk Assessment of Recreational Boating as a Vector for Marine Non-indigenous Species.
  • SIMARD, N., PELLETIER-ROUSSEAU, M., MURRAY, C. C., MCKINDSEY, C. W., THERRIAULT, T. W., LACOURSIÈRE-ROUSSEL, A., BERNIER, R., SEPHTON, D., DROLET, D., LOCKE, A., MARTIN, J. L., DRAKE, D. A. R., MCKENZIE, C. H., 2017. National Risk Assessment of Recreational Boating as a Vector for Marine Nonindigenous Species 101.
  • SONG, S., DEMIREL, Y. K., ATLAR, M., 2019. An investigation into the effect of biofouling on the ship hydrodynamic characteristics using CFD. Ocean Eng. 175, 122-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.01.056.
  • STENSON, P., KIDD, B., CHEN, H., FINNIE, A., RAMSDEN, R., 2014. Predicting the impact of hull roughness on the frictional resistance of ships, in: International Conference on Computational and Experimental Marine Hydrodynamics. Presented at the (MARTHY 2014 Conference Proceedings), Chennai, India, pp. 44-51. 2023 [Editorial Aranzadi, S.A.U.]
  • SYLVESTER, F., KALACI, O., LEUNG, B., LACOURSIÈRE-ROUSSEL, A., MURRAY, C. C., CHOI, F. M., BRAVO, M. A., THERRIAULT, T. W., MACISAAC, H. J., 2011. Hull fouling as an invasion vector: can simple models explain a complex problem? J. Appl. Ecol. 48, 415-423. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.01957.x.
  • TOWNSIN, R. L., 2003. The Ship Hull Fouling Penalty. Biofouling 19, 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/0892701031000088535.
  • ULMAN, A., FERRARIO, J., FORCADA, A., SEEBENS, H., ARVANITIDIS, C., OCCHIPINTI-AMBROGI, A., MARCHINI, A., 2019. Alien species spreading via biofouling on recreational vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. J. Appl. Ecol. 56, 2620-2629. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365- 2664.13502.
  • ULMAN, A., FERRARIO, J., OCCHPINTI-AMBROGI, A., ARVANITIDIS, C., BANDI, A., BERTOLINO, M., BOGI, C., CHATZIGEORGIOU, G., ÇIÇEK, B. A., DEIDUN, A., RAMOS-ESPLÁ, A., KOÇAK, C., LORENTI, M., MARTINEZ-LAIZ, G., MERLO, G., PRINCISGH, E., SCRIBANO, G., MARCHINI, A., 2017. A massive update of non-indigenous species records in Mediterranean marinas. PeerJ 5, e3954. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3954.
  • ÜNAL, U., ÜNAL, B., ATLAR, M., 2012. Turbulent boundary layer measurements over flat surfaces coated by nanostructured marine antifoulings.
  • UNCTAD, 2021. “Informe sobre el Transporte Marítimo 2021”, Naciones Unidas editada por la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo, p. 31.
  • UNCTAD, 2017. Informe sobre el comercio y el desarrollo.
  • VERLING, E., RUIZ, G., SMITH, L., GALIL, B., MILLER, W., MURPHY, K., 2005. Supply-side invasion ecology: characterizing propagule pressure in coastal ecosystems (vol. 272, pp. 1249, 2005). Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 272, 2659-2659. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.2001.
  • WASSON, K. M., ZABIN, C. J., BEDINGER, L., DIAZ, M. C., PEARSE, J. S., 2001. Biological invasions of estuaries without international shipping: the importance of intraregional transport. Biol. Conserv.
  • YEGINBAYEVA, I. A., ATLAR, M., 2018. An experimental investigation into the surface and hydrodynamic characteristics of marine coatings with mimicked hull roughness ranges. Biofouling 34, 1001-1019. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2018.1529760.
  • ZENETOS, A., ÇINAR, M. E., CROCETTA, F., GOLANI, D., ROSSO, A., SERVELLO, G., SHENKAR, N., TURON, X., VERLAQUE, M., 2017. Uncertainties and validation of alien species catalogues: The Mediterranean as an example. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 191, 171-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.03.031.
  • ZOOK, B., PHILLIPS, S., 2012. Uniform Minimum Protocols and Standards for Watercraft Interception Programs for Dreissenid Mussels in the Western United States, in: Biology and Management of Invasive Quagga and Zebra Mussels in the Western United States. CRC Press.
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet