Epistemologies of IgnoranceRevisiting the Marley Hypothesis and the Role of Collective Self-Esteem and Social Dominance Theory

  1. Wall-Johnson, Kahlil 1
  2. Moral Jiménez, María de la Villa 2
  1. 1 Universidad de Oviedo
    info

    Universidad de Oviedo

    Oviedo, España

    ROR https://ror.org/006gksa02

  2. 2 Faculty of Psychology, University of Oviedo
Revista:
Revista Internacional de Estudios Migratorios (RIEM)

ISSN: 2173-1950

Año de publicación: 2023

Volumen: 13

Número: 2

Páginas: 140-166

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.25115/RIEM.V13I2.9217 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Otras publicaciones en: Revista Internacional de Estudios Migratorios (RIEM)

Resumen

Background: In studies on racial differences in the perception of racism, it has been shown that these differences are mediated by the degree of historical knowledge about racism. The validity of this hypothesis is evaluated in the context of the states of Oregon and Washington. In the present study, we propose as the main objective to contrast the Marley hypothesis based on its previous empirical evaluation, as it has been substantiated, and incorporating the analysis of the construct of social dominance orientation (SDO). Methodology: Using convenience sampling, 79 White Americans (M = 35.75, SD = 16.45) and 58 Black Americans (M = 30.93, SD = 10.27) were selected. Four measures were used: a historical knowledge quiz, the Collective Self-Esteem Scale, a perception of racism scale and the SDO-7 Short Scale. Results: The expected racial differences in the perception of racism were not found. However, White participants presented less historical knowledge. Furthermore, greater historical knowledge predicted SDO only for Black participants. It has been proven that the degree of racial identification moderates the effect of race status on perceptions of racism. Discussion and Conclusion: The defense of a “non-racist” self-image by white participants is closely linked to how they report their perceptions of racism. It is noted that, even though the two groups presented equal levels in this variable, the scores could be due to different underlying processes, hence the results are compatible with the notion that the two groups understand racism in different ways. The data suggests that in this region, the perception and understanding of racism are influenced by sociocultural factors that were not as relevant in previous studies.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Adams, G., Edkins, V., Lacka, D., Pickett, K. M., & Cheryan, S. (2008). Teaching about racism: Pernicious implications of the standard portrayal. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 30(4), 349-361. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973530802502309
  • Adams, G., & Salter, P. S. (2010). A critical race psychology is not yet born. Connecticut Law Review, 43, 1355. https://connecticutlawreview.law.uconn.edu/
  • Analayo, B. (2020). Confronting Racism with Mindfulness. Mindfulness, 11, 2283–2297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01432-4
  • Bonam, C. M., Nair D. V., Coleman, B. R., & Salter, P. (2018). Ignoring history, denying racism: Mounting evidence for the Marley hypothesis and epistemologies of ignorance. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10(2), 257-265. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617751583
  • Bonam, C. M., Taylor, V. J., & Yantis, C. (2017). Racialized physical space as cultural product. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 11(9), e12340. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12340
  • Capozza, D., Di Bernardo, G. A., & Falvo, R. (2017). Intergroup contact and outgroup humanization: Is the causal relationship uni-or bidirectional? PloS One, 12(1), e0170554. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170554
  • Chang, A., & Martin, R. (August 16, 2020). Summer of Racial Reckoning. NPR. https://choice.npr.org/index.html?origin=https://www.npr.org/2020/08/16/902179773/summer-of-racial-reckoning-the-match-lit
  • Coleman, B. R., Collins, C. R., & Bonam, C. M. (2020). Interrogating whiteness in community research and action. American Journal of Community Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12473
  • Flaccus, G. (September 4, 2020). Portland’s grim reality: 100 days of protests, many violent. AP NEWS. https://apnews.com/article/virus-outbreak-ap-top-news-race-and-ethnicity-id-state-wire-or-state-wire-b57315d97dd2146c4a89b4636faa7b70
  • Gilbert, C. J., & Rossing, J. P. (2013). Trumping Tropes with Joke (r)s: The Daily Show “Plays the Race Card”. Western Journal of Communication, 77(1), 92-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2012.720747
  • Grzanka, P. R., Frantell, K. A., & Fassinger, R. E. (2020). The White Racial Affect Scale (WRAS): a measure of White guilt shame, and negation. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 48(1) 47-77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000019878808
  • Johnson, J. D., Lecci, L., & Dovidio, J. (2019). Black intergroup empathic responding to police interracial violence: effects of victim stereotypicality and Blacks’ racial identification. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(3), 376-382. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550612456709
  • Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Publications. https://doi.org/10.1111/jedm.12050
  • Hayes, A. F., & Montoya, A. K. (2017). A tutorial on testing, visualizing, and probing an interaction involving a multicategorical variable in linear regression analysis. Communication Methods and Measures, 11(1), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2016.1271116
  • Ho, A. K., Sidanius, J., Kteily, N., Sheehy-Skeffington, J., Pratto, F., Henkel, K. E., & Stewart, A. L. (2015). The nature of social dominance orientation: Theorizing and measuring preferences for intergroup inequality using the new SDO₇ scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(6), 1003. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000033
  • Ho, A. K., Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., Levin, S., Thomsen, L., Kteily, N., & Sheehy-Skeffington, J. (2012). Social dominance orientation: Revisiting the structure and function of a variable predicting social and political attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(5), 583-606. https://doi.org/10.1037/e514892012-001
  • Jardina, A. (2019). White Identity Politics. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199756223-0331
  • Lang, C. (2013). Locating the civil rights movement: An essay on the Deep South, Midwest, and border South in Black Freedom Studies. Journal of Social History, 47(2), 371-400. https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/sht086
  • Lavalley, R., & Johnson, K. (2020). Occupation, injustice, and anti-Black racism in the United States of America. Journal of Occupational Science, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2020.1810111
  • London, J. (2017). Portland Oregon, music scenes, and change: A cultural approach to collective strategies of empowerment. City & Community, 16(1), 47-65. https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12222
  • Luhtanen, R., & Crocker, J. (1992). A collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one's social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(3), 302-318. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167292183006
  • Mayo, J., & Turnbull, L. (2011). Census ranks Seattle among whitest big cities. The Seattle Times. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/census-ranks-seattle-among-whitest-big-cities/#:%7E:text=Seattle%20and%20Portland%20are%20at,1%2C%20Seattle%20No.
  • Mueller, J. C. (2020). Racial ideology or racial ignorance? An alternative theory of racial cognition. Sociological Theory, 38(2), 142-169. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/fq7r8
  • Nelson, J. C., Adams, G., & Salter, P. S. (2013). The Marley hypothesis: Denial of racism reflects ignorance of history. Psychological Science, 24(2), 213-218. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612451466
  • Oregon Health Authority (2018). Oregon’s Population. https://www.oregon.gov/oha/PH/ABOUT/Documents/sha/sha-oregons-population.pdf
  • Pardo, A., & Román, M. (2013). Reflections on the Baron and Kenny model of statistical mediation. Anales de Psicología, 29(2), 614-623. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.2.139241
  • Pehrson, S., Carvacho, H., & Sibley, C. G. (2017). Group differences in the legitimization of inequality: Questioning the role of social dominance orientation. British Journal of Social Psychology, 56(1), 28-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12167
  • Pew Research Center. (2016). On views of race and inequality, Blacks and Whites are worlds apart. Pew Research. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/06/27/on-views-of-race-and-inequalityblacks-and-whites-are-worlds-apart/
  • Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., & Levin, S. (2006). Social dominance theory and the dynamics of intergroup relations: Taking stock and looking forward. European Review of Social Psychology, 17(1), 271-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280601055772
  • Rios, K., & Mackey, C. D. (2021). White self-identification: a source of uniqueness threat.
  • Social Psychological and Personality Science https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506211031082
  • Rucker, J., Duker, A., & Richeson, J. (2019). Structurally unjust: How lay beliefs about racism relate to perceptions of and responses to racial inequality in criminal justice. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/sjkeq
  • Salter, P. S. (2021). Learning History, Facing Reality How Knowledge Increases Awareness of Systemic Racism. American Educator. https://www.aft.org/ae/spring2021/salter
  • Salter, P. S., & Adams, G. (2013). Racism: Overview. In P. L. Mason (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Race and Racism (Vol. 2) (pp. 413–418). MacMillan.
  • Salter, P. S., & Adams, G. (2016). On the Intentionality of Cultural Products: Representations of Black History As Psychological Affordances. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1166. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01166
  • Salter, P. S., & Adams, G. (2019). Provisional Strategies for Decolonizing Consciousness. En Blake, F. (Ed.), Antiracism Inc.: Why the Way We Talk about Racial Justice Matters (pp. 299-324). Punctum Books. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11hptff.23
  • Salter, P. S., Adams, G. & Michael J. P (2018). "Racism in the structure of everyday worlds: A cultural-psychological perspective." Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(3), 150-155. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417724239
  • Sidanius, J., Cotterill, S., Sheehy-Skeffington, J., Kteily, N., & Carvacho, H. (2017). Social dominance theory: Explorations in the psychology of oppression. En Barlow, F. K. & Sibley, C. G. (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice (pp. 100-143). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108661911.005
  • Simon, S., Shaffer, E., Neel, R., & Shapiro, J. (2019). Exploring Blacks’ perceptions of Whites’ racial prejudice as a function of intergroup behavior and motivational mindsets. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10(5), 575-585. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550618778584
  • Sommers, S. R., & Norton, M. I. (2006). Lay theories about White racists: What constitutes racism (and what doesn’t). Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 9, 117–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430206059881
  • Strickhouser, J. E., Zell, E., & Harris, K. E. (2019). Ignorance of history and perceptions of racism: Another look at the Marley hypothesis. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10(7), 977-985. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550618808863
  • Suttie, J. (September 25, 2019). How to Fight Racism Through Inner Work. Greater Good. https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/how_to_fight_racism_through_inner_work
  • Teo, T. (2011). Empirical race psychology and the hermeneutics of epistemological violence. Human Studies, 34(3), 237-255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-011-9179-8
  • United States Census Bureau. (2019). U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Washington. Census Bureau QuickFacts. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/WA
  • Univstats. (2021). Oregon Colleges Student Population. https://www.univstats.com/states/oregon/student-population/
  • Visintin, E. P., Berent, J., Green, E. G., & Falomir‐Pichastor, J. M. (2019). The interplay between social dominance orientation and intergroup contact in explaining support for multiculturalism. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 49(5), 319-327. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12587
  • Wall-Johnson, K. (August 12, 2020). Dispatch from PDX (Portland, Oregon); Black Lives Matter in a White Utopia. Black Agenda Report. https://www.blackagendareport.com/dispatch-pdx-portland-oregon-black-lives-matter-white-utopia
  • Washington Student Achievement Council. (2013). Diversity and Equity in Washington State Higher Education. https://wsac.wa.gov/sites/default/files/DiversityReport.FINAL.Revised.07-2013.pdf
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet