El mercado como objeto de regulación y protección jurídicael caso de las restricciones verticales a la competencia

  1. José Manuel Paredes Castañón 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Oviedo
    info

    Universidad de Oviedo

    Oviedo, España

    ROR https://ror.org/006gksa02

Journal:
Revista penal México

ISSN: 2007-4700

Year of publication: 2021

Issue: 18

Pages: 141-170

Type: Article

More publications in: Revista penal México

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to elaborate a clear and precise definition of competition as an ob-ject of protection and regulation through economic crimes. For this purpose, the tools of economic analysis are used, in order to provide a substantial content, as concrete as possible, to this concept, and these tools are applied to a specific case: the vertical restrictions on competition.. It is proposed that, as a general rule, what the law has to protect in these cases is the maximization of social welfare. However, some special cases are also studied in which this definition is not sufficient, proposing complementary criteria of defini-tion, which meet the needs of distributive justice and protection of the political system against monopolies

Bibliographic References

  • Adler, M. D. (2019): Measuring Social Welfare. An Introduction, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Aghion, P./ Bolton, P. (1987): Contracts as a Barrier to Entry, American Economic Review, 77, 388-401.
  • Ahlert, D. / Schefer, B. (2013): Vertical Price Coordination and Brand Care, Heidelberg/ New York/ Dordrecht/ London, Springer.
  • Araujo, M. (2017): Prohibición de prácticas colusorias (IV): Acuerdos verticales, en Beneyto, José María/ Maillo, Jerónimo (dtores.), Tratado de Derecho de la Competencia, vol. 1, 2ª ed., Barcelona, Wolters Kluwer, 393-428.
  • Archer, M. S. (1995): Realist Social Theory: The Morphogenetic Approach, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Areeda, P./ Kaplow, L./ Edllin, A. (2013): Antitrust Analysis, 7ª ed., New York, Wolter Kluwer.
  • Armentano, D. T. (2007): Antritrust: The Case for Repeal, 2ª ed., Auburn, Ludwig von Mises Institute.
  • Arrow, K. J./ Hahn, F. H. (1971): General Competitive Analysis, Amsterdam, North Holland.
  • Arrow, K. J. (1963): Social Choice and Individual Values, 2ª ed., New York/ London/ Sydney, Wiley.
  • Arrow, K. J. (1973): Some Ordinalist-Utilitarian Notes on Rawls’s Theory of Justice, The Journal of Philosophy, 70, 245-263.
  • Asker, J./ Bar-Isaac, H. (2011): Exclusionary Minimum Resale Price Maintenance, NYU Working Paper No. 2451/31609.
  • Aspers, P. (2011): Markets, Cambridge/ Malden, Polity.
  • Baird, D. G./ Gertner, R. H./ Picker, R. C. (1994): Game Theory and the Law, Cambridge/ London, Harvard University Press.
  • Beneyto Pérez, J. M./ Troncoso Ferrer, M. (2017): Objetivo, evolución y perspectivas del Derecho de la Competencia, en Beneyto, José María/ Maillo, Jerónimo (dtores.), Tratado de Derecho de la Competencia, vol. 1, 2ª ed., Barcelona, Wolters Kluwer, 33-58.
  • Bennett, M./ Fletcher, A./ Giovannetti, E./ Stalli-Brass, D. (2011): Resale Price Maintenance: Explaining the Controversy, and Small Steps Towards a More Nuanced Policy, Fordham International Law Journal, 33, 1277-1299.
  • Bergson, A. (1975): A Note on Consumer’s Surplus, Journal of Economic Literature, 13, 38-44.
  • Bernheim, B. D./ Whinston, M. D. (1998): Exclusive Dealing, Journal of Political Economy, 106, 64-103.
  • Boadway, R. W./ Bruce, N. (1984): Welfare Economics, Oxford, Basil Blackwell.
  • Boesche, K. V. (2016): Wettbewerbsrecht, 5ª ed., Heidelberg, C. F. Müller.
  • Bolton, P./ Dewatripont, M. (2005): Contract Theory, Cambridge/ London: MIT Press.
  • Bolton, P./ Whinston, M. D. (1991): The “Foreclosure” Effect of Vertical Mergers. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 147, 207-226.
  • Bolton, P./ Whinston, M. D. (1993): Incomplete Contracts, Vertical Integration, and Supply Assurance. Review of Economic Studies, 60, 121-148.
  • Boone, J./ Müller, W./ Suetens, S. (2014): Naked Exclusion in the Lab: The Case of Sequential Contracting. Journal of Industrial Economics, 62, 137-166.
  • Bork, R. (1954): Vertical Integration and the Sherman Act: The Legal History of an Economic Misconception. University Of Chicago Law Review, 22, 157-201.
  • Bork, R. (1966): The Rule of Reason and the Per Se Concept: Price Fixing and Market Division, Part II. Yale Law Journal, 75, 373-475.
  • Bork, R. H. (1993): The Antitrust Paradox (2ª ed.). New York: Free Press.
  • Boudreaux, D. J. (2017): Antitrust and competition from a market-process perspective. En T. Zywicki/ P. J. Boettke (eds.), Research Handbook on Austrian Law and Economics. Cheltenham/ Northampton: Edward Elgar, 278-295.
  • Bowman jr., W. S. (1957): Tying Arrangements and the Leverage Problem. Yale Law Journal, 67, 19-36.
  • Buchanan, J. M. (1969): External Diseconomies, Corrective Taxes, and Market Structure. The American Economic Review, 59, 174-177.
  • Burt, R. S. (1995): Structural Holes. The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge/ London: Harvard University Press.
  • Caliskan, A./ Porter, D./ Rassenti, S./ Smith, V. L./ Wilson, B. J. (2007): Exclusionary Bundling and the Effects of a Competitive Fringe. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 163, 109-132.
  • Camerer, C. (1995): Individual Decision Making. En J. H. Kagel/ A. E. Roth (eds.), The Handbook of Experimental Economics. Princeton/ Oxford: Princeton University Press, 587-703.
  • Carlton, D. W./ Waldman, M. (2002): The Strategic Use of Tying to Preserve and Create Market Power in Evolving Industries. RAND Journal of Economics, 33, 194-220.
  • Cooper, J. C./ Froeb, L. M./ O’Brien, D./ Vita, M. G. (2005): Vertical antitrust policy as a problem of inference. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 23, 639-664.
  • De Vega García, P. (1997): Neoliberalismo y Estado. Pensamiento Constitucional, 4, 31-36.
  • Dean, M. (2010): Governmentality. Power and Rule in Modern Society, 2ª ed. London/ Thousand Oaks/ New Delhi/ Singapore: Sage.
  • Deleon, P. (2006): The Historical Roots of the Field. En M. Moran/ M. Rein/ R. E. Goodin (eds.): The Oxford Handbook of Public Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 39-57.
  • Director, A./ leVi, E. H. (1956): Law and the Future: Trade Regulation. Northwestern University Law Review, 51, 281-296.
  • Dixit, A. K. (2018): Economic Governance. En The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 3ª ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 3289-3299.
  • Easterbrook, F. H. (1984): Limits of Antitrust. Texas Law Review, 63, 1-40.
  • Ekelund, R. B., Jr./ Hébert, R. F. (2014): A History of Economic Theory/ Method, 6ª ed. Longrove: Waveland.
  • Emmerich, V./ Lange, K. W. (2018): Kartellrecht, 14ª ed. München: C. H. Beck.
  • Fama, E. F./ Jensen, M. C. (1983): Separation of Ownership and Control. Journal of Law and Economics, 26, 301-325.
  • Fischer, J. M. (2014): Understanding Remedies, 3ª ed. Durham: Carolina Academic Press.
  • Fiske, A. P. (1991): Structures of Social Life. New York/ London: Free Press.
  • Foucault, M. (1999): La “gubernamentalidad”. En M. Foucault, Estética, ética y hermenéutica, trad. A. Gabilondo. Barcelona: Paidós, 175-198.
  • Fudenberg, D./ tirOle, J. (1991): Game Theory. Cambridge/ London: MIT Press.
  • GalindOo Martín, M. A.: John Maynard Keynes. En L. Perdices de Blas (ed.), Historia del pensamiento económico. Madrid: Síntesis, 451-479.
  • Gallini, N. T./ Winter, R. A. (1983): On Vertical Control in Monopolistic Competition. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 1, 275-286.
  • Gintis, H. (2009): Game Theory Evolving, 2ª ed. Prin-ceton/ Oxford: Princeton University Press.
  • Giovanetti, E./ Magazzini, L. (2013): Resale Price Maintenance: An Empirical Analysis of UK Firms’ Compliance. Economic Journal, 123, F582-F595.
  • Green, J. R./ Laffont, J.J. (1979): Incentives in Public Decision-Making. Amsterdam: North Holland.
  • Gundlach, G. T./ Cannon, J. P./ Manning, K. C. (2010): Free riding and resale price maintenance: Insights from marketing research and practice. The Antitrust Bulletin, 55, 381-422.
  • Haack, S. (2019): Theorie des öffentlichen Rechts, vol. II. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.
  • Hart, O./ Tirole, J. (1990): Vertical Integration and Market Foreclosure. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity – Microeconomics, 21, 205-286.
  • Hart, O. D. (1983): The Market Mechanism as an Incentive Scheme. The Bell Journal of Economics, 14, 366-382.
  • Harvey, D. (2003): El nuevo imperialismo, trad. J. M. Madariaga. Madrid: Akal.
  • Harvey, D. (2007): Breve historia del neoliberalismo, trad. A. Varela Mateos. Madrid: Akal.
  • Hayek, F. A. (1967): The principles of a liberal social order. En F. Hayek, Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics (pp. 160-177). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Hayek. F. A. (2003): La contrarrevolución de la cien-cia, trad. J. Gómez Ruiz. Madrid: Unión Editorial.
  • Hinloopen, J./ Müller, W./ Normann, H.T. (2014): Output commitment through product bundling: Experimental evidence. European Economic Review, 65, 164-180.
  • Ippolito, P. M. (1991): Resale Price Maintenance: Empirical Evidence from Litigation. Journal of Law/ Economics, 34, 263-294.
  • Jedlicková, B. (2016): Resale Price Maintenance and Vertical Territorial Restrictions. Cheltenham/ Northampton: Edward Elgar.
  • Jehle, G. A./ Reny, P. J. (2011): Advanced Microeconomic Theory, 3ª ed. Harlow: Pearson.
  • Jullien, B./ Rey, P. (2007): Resale Price Maintenance and Collusion. RAND Journal of Economics 38, 983-1001.
  • Just, R. E./ Hueth, D. L./ Schmitz, A. (2004): The Welfare Economics of Public Policy. Cheltenham/ Northampton: Edward Elgar.
  • Katz, M./ Rosen, H./ Morgan, W. (2006): Microeconomía intermedia, 2ª ed., trad. G. Trinidad Deocón., Madrid: McGraw Hill.
  • Kelley, H. H./ Holmes, J. G./ Kerr, N. L./ Reis, H. T./ Rusbult, C. E./ Van Lange, P. A. M. (2003): An Atlas of Interpersonal Situations. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Klein, B. (1988): Vertical Integration as Organizational Ownership: The Fisher Body-General Motors Relationship Revisited. Journal of Law, Economics,/ Organization, 4, 199-213.
  • Kling, M./ Thomas, S. (2016): Kartellrecht, 2ª ed. München: Vahlen.
  • konings, M. (2012): Neoliberalism and the State. Alternate Routes, 23, 85-98.
  • Kooiman, J. (1993): Social-Political Governance: Introduction. En J. Kooiman (ed.), Modern Governance. New Government-Society Interactions. London: Sage, 1-8.
  • Kooper, D. J./ Kagel, J. H. (2015): Other Regarding Preferences. En J. H. Kagel/ A. E. Roth (eds.), The Handbook of Experimental Economics, vol. 2. Princeton/ Oxford: Princeton University Press, 217-289.
  • Laffont, J.-J./ Martimort, D. (2002): The Theory of Incentives. Princeton/ Oxford: Princeton University Press.
  • Laffont, J.-J./ Tirole, J. (1991): The Politics of Government Decision-Making: A Theory of Regulatory Capture. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 1089-1127.
  • Laffont, J.-J./ Tirole, J. (1993): A Theory of Incentives in Procurement and Regulation. Cambridge/ London: MIT Press.
  • Lafontaine, F./ Slade, M. (2008): Exclusive Contracts and Vertical Restraints: Empirical Evidence and Public Policy. En P. Buccirossi (ed.), Handbook of Antitrust Economics (pp. 391-414). Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Landeo, C. M./ Spier, K. E. (2009): Naked Exclusion: An Experimental Study of Contracts with Externalities. American Economic Review, 99, 1850-1877.
  • Landeo, C. M. (2018): Exclusionary vertical restraints and antitrust: experimental law and economics contributions. En J. C. Teitelbaum, / K. Zeiler (eds.), Research Handbook on Behavioral Law and Economics. Cheltenham/ Northampton: Edward Elgar, 75-100.
  • Larenz, K./ WOlF, M. (2004): Allgemeiner Teil des Bürgerlichen Rechts, 9ª ed. München: C. H. Beck.
  • Ledyard, J. O. (2018): Market failure. En The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 3ª ed.. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 8246-8251.
  • Lipsey, R. G./ Lancaster, K. (1956): The General Theory of Second Best. Review of Economic Studies, 24, 11-32.
  • Luhmann, N. (1988): Die Wirtschaft der Gesellschaft. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp.
  • Luhmann, N. (1998): Sistemas sociales. Lineamientos para una teoría general, trad. S. Pappe/ B. Erker. Barcelona: Anthropos/ Universidad Iberoamericana/ CEJA.
  • Lynn, B. C. (2010): Cornered: The New Monopoly Capitalism and the Economics of Destruction. Hoboken: Wiley.
  • Maccormick, D. N. (1977): The Obligation of Reparation. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 78, 175-193.
  • Makiw, N. G./ Whinston, M. D. (1986): Free entry and social inefficiency. Rand Journal of Economics, 17, 48-58.
  • Mann, Michael (1991): Las fuentes del poder social, vol. 1, trad. F. Santos Fontenla. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
  • Martínez-Buján Pérez, C. (2016): Derecho penal económico y de la empresa. Parte General, 5ª ed. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch.
  • Marvel, H. P. (1994): The Resale Price Maintenance Controversy: Beyond the Conventional Wisdom. Antitrust Law Journal, 63, 59-92.
  • Mas-Colell, A./ Whinston, M. D./ Green, J. R. (1995): Microeconomic Theory. Oxford/ New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Mathewson, G. F./ Winter, R. A. (1984): An Economic Theory of Vertical Restraints. RAND Journal of Economics 15, 27-38. Mazalov, V. (2014): Mathematical Game Theory and Applications. Chichester: Wiley.
  • Mcaffee, R. P./ Schwartz, M. (1994): Opportunism in Multilateral Vertical Contracting: Non Discrimination, Exclusivity and Uniformity. American Economic Review, 84, 210-230.
  • Mcgee, J. S./ Bassett, L. R. (1976): Vertical Integration Revisited. Journal of Law/ Economics, 19, 17-38.
  • Mckenzie, G. W. (1983): Measuring economic welfare. New Methods., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Meese, A. J. (1997): Price Theory and Vertical Restraints: A Misunderstood Relation. UCLA Law Review, 45, 143-204.
  • Meese, A. J. (2004): Property Rights and Intrabrand Restraints. Cornell Law Review, 89, 553-620.
  • Méndez Ibisate, F. (2003): La escuela de Cambridge: A. Marshall y sus discípulos. En L. Perdices de Blas (ed.), Historia del pensamiento económico. Madrid: Síntesis, 367-408.
  • Mesterton-Gibbons, M. (2001): An Introduction to Game-Theoretic Modelling, 2ª ed. Providence: American Mathematical Society.
  • Miller, P./ Rose, N. (2008): Governing the Present. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Motta, M. (2004): Competition Policy. Theory and Practice. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Muñoz-García, F. (2017): Advanced Microeconomic Theory. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Muthoo, A. (1999): Bargaining Theory with Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Myerson, R. B. (1982): Optimal coordination mechanisms in generalized principal–agent problems. Journal of Mathematical Economics, 10, 67-81.
  • Myerson, R. B. (2018): Mechanism Design. En The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 3ª ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 8632-8644.
  • Nalebuff, B. (2004): Bundling as an Entry Barrier. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119, 159-187.
  • Niels, G./ Jenkins, H./ kavanagh, J. (2016): Economics for Competition Lawyers, 2ª ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Nocke, V./ White, L. (2007): Do Vertical Mergers Facilitate Upstream Collusion?. American Economic Review, 97, 1321-1339.
  • Normann, H.T./ Snyder, C. M. (2001): Vertical Foreclosure in Experimental Markets. RAND Journal of Economics, 32, 466-496.
  • Normann, H.T. (2011): Vertical Mergers, Foreclosure and Raising Rivals’ Costs: Experimental Evidence. Journal of Industrial Economics, 59, 506-527.
  • O’Brien, D. P./ Schaffer, G. (1992): Vertical Control with Bilateral Contracts. RAND Journal of Economics, 23, 299-308.
  • Ogata, K.: Modern Control Theory, 5ª ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
  • Ogus, A. (2004): Regulation. Legal Form and Economic Theory. Portland: Hart.
  • Ordover, J. A./ Saloner, G./ Salop, S. C. (1990): Equilibrium Vertical Foreclosure. American Economic Review, 80, 127-142.
  • Papayannis, D. M. (2014): Comprensión y justificación de la responsabilidad extracontractual. Madrid: Marcial Pons.
  • Paredes Castañón, J. M. (2005): Los delitos de usurpación de marcas y otros signos distintivos: ¿protección del derecho, protección del patrimonio o protección del consumidor?. En M. Bajo Fernández/ A. Jorge Barreiro/ C. Suárez González, Homenaje al Profesor Dr. Gonzalo Rodríguez Mourullo. Madrid: Civitas, 1647-1672.
  • Paredes Castañón, J. M. (2013): La justificación de las leyes penales. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch.
  • Paredes Castañón, J. M. (2014): Problemas de tipicidad en las conductas de manipulación de precios de los mercados de valores. Nuevo Foro Penal, 82, 33-80.
  • Parejo Alfonso, L. (dtor.) (2015): Lecciones de Derecho Administrativo. Orden económico y sectores de referencia, 6ª ed. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch.
  • Parsons, Talcott (1999): El sistema social, trad. J. Jiménez Blanco/ J. Cazorla Pérez. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.
  • Perloff, J. M. (2018): Microeconomics, 4ª ed. Harlow: Pearson.
  • Pettit, P. (2015): Justice: Social and Political. En D. Sobel/ P. Vallentyne/ S. Wall (eds.), Oxford Studies in Political Philosophy, vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 9-35.
  • Plant, R. (2010): The NeoLiberal State. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Posner, R. A./ Easterbrook, F. H. (1981): Antitrust. Cases, Economic Notes and Other Materials, 2ª ed. St. Paul: West Publishing.
  • Posner, R. A. (1976): Antitrust Law. An Economic Perspective. Chicago/ London: University of Chicago Press.
  • Posner, R. A. (1979): The Chicago School of Antitrust Analysis. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 127, 925-948.
  • Posner, R. A. (2001): Antitrust Law, 2ª ed. Chicago/ London: University of Chicago Press.
  • Posner, R. A. (2007): El análisis económico del Derecho, trad. E. L. Suárez, 2ª ed. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
  • Ramos Gorostiza, J. L. (2003): Historicismo, institucionalismo y neoinstitucionalismo. En L. Perdices de Blas (ed.), Historia del pensamiento económico. Madrid: Síntesis, 423-449.
  • Rasmusen, E. B./ Ramseyer, J. M./ Wiley, jr., J. S. (1991): Naked Exclusion. American Economic Review, 81, 1137-1145.
  • Reglero Campos, L. F./ Peña López, F. (2014): Conceptos generales y elementos de delimitación. En L. F. Reglero Campos/ J. M. Busto Lago (coords.), Tratado de responsabilidad civil, vol. I, 5ª ed. Pamplona: Thomson Reuters Aranzadi, 66-263.
  • Reiff, M. R. (2005): Punishment, Compensation, and Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Rey, P./ Stiglitz, J. (1988): Vertical Restraints and Producers’ Competition. European Economic Re-view, 32, 561-568.
  • Rey, P./ Stiglitz, J. (1995): The role of exclusive territories in producers’ competition. RAND Journal of Economics, 26, 431-451.
  • Rey, P./ Tirole, J. (1986a): Vertical Restraints from a Principal-Agent Viewpoint. En L. Pellegrini/ S. K. Reddy (eds.), Marketing Channels. Lexington: Lexington Books, 3-30.
  • Rey, P./ Tirole, J. (1986b): The Logic of Vertical Restraints. American Economic Review, 76, 921-939.
  • Rey, P./ Tirole, J. (2007): A Primer on Foreclosure. En M. Armstrong/ R. Porter (eds.), Handbook of Industrial Organization, vol. III. Amsterdam: Nor-th Holland, 2145-2220.
  • Rey, P./ Vergé, T. (2008): Economics of Vertical Restraints. En P. Buccirossi (ed.), Handbook of Antitrust Economics. Cambridge: MIT Press, 353-390.
  • Rey, P./ Vergé, T. (2010): Resale Price Maintenance and Interlocking Relationships. Journal of Industrial Economics, 58, 928-961.
  • Rriordan, M. H./ Salop, S. C. (1995): Evaluating Vertical Mergers: A Post-Chicago Approach. Antitrust Law, 63, 513-568.
  • Ripstein, A. (2016): Private Wrongs. Cambridge/ London: Harvard University Press.
  • Roth, A. E. (2002): The Economist as Engineer: Game Theory, Experimentation, and Computation as Tools for Design Economics. Econometrica, 70, 1341-1378.
  • Saikh, A. M./ Tonak, E. A. (1996): Measuring the wealth of nations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Salop, S. T./ Sceffman, D. C. (1983): Raising Rivals’ Costs. American Economic Review, 73, 267-271.
  • Salop, S. T./ Scheffman, D. C. (1987): Cost-Raising Strategies. Journal of Industrial Economics, 36, 19-34.
  • San Emterio Martín, N. (2003): La Escuela Clásica (I): Adam Smith. En L. Perdices de Blas (ed.), Historia del pensamiento económico. Madrid: Síntesis, 105-134.
  • Scherer, F. M. (1980): Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, 2ª ed. Chicago: Rand McNally College Publishing.
  • Scoott, C. (2010): Standard-Setting in Regulatory Regimes. En R. Baldwin/ M. Cave/ M. Lodge (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Regulation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 104-119.
  • Segal, I, (1999): Contracting with Externalities. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114, 337-388.
  • Segal, I. R./ Whinston, M. D. (2000): Exclusive con-tracts and protection of investments. RAND Journal of Economics, 31, 603-633.
  • Segal, I. R./ Whinston, M. D. (2000): Naked Exclusion: Comment. American Economic Review, 90, 296-309.
  • Shavell, S. (2004): Fundamentos del análisis económico del Derecho, trad. Y. G. Franco. Madrid: Ramón Areces.
  • Smith, A. M. (2011): An experimental study of exclusive contracts. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 29, 4-13.
  • Steiner, R. (2004): Exclusive Dealing and Resale Price Maintenance: A Powerful Anticompetitive Combination. Southwestern University Law Re-view, 33, 447-476.
  • Steiner, R. L. (2008): Vertical competition, horizontal competition, and market power. Antitrust Bulletin, 53, 251-270.
  • Stigler, G. J. (2018): Competition. En The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 3ª ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1930-1938.
  • Stiglitz, J./ Sen, A./ Fitoussi, J.P. (2010): Mis-Measuring Our Lives. New York/ London: Free Press.
  • Stober, R. (2015): Allgemeines Wirtschaftsverwal-tungsrecht, 18ª ed. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
  • Sundaram, R. K. (1996): A First Course in Optimization Theory. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Tesler, L. G. (1960): Why Should Manufacturers Want Fair Trade?. Journal of Law/ Economics, 3, 86-105.
  • Tirole, J. (1988): The Theory of Industrial Organization. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Tolbert, P. S./ hall, R. H. (2009): Organizations. Structures, Processes and Outcomes, 10ª ed. London/ New York: Routledge.
  • Vulkan, N./ Roth, A. E./Neeman, Z. (eds.) (2013): The Handbook of Market Design. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Weinrib, E. J. (2017): La idea de Derecho privado, trad. E. Paez. Madrid: Marcial Pons.
  • Whinston, M. D. (1990): Tying, Foreclosure, and Exclusion. American Economic Review, 80, 837-859.
  • Whinston, M. D. (2006): Lectures on Antitrust Eco-nomics. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Williamson, O. (2005): The Economics of Governance. American Economic Review, 95, 1-18.
  • Windholz, E. L. (2018): Governing through Regulation. London/ New York: Routledge.
  • Winter, R./ Mathewson, F. (1998): The Law and Economics of Resale Price Maintenance. Review of Industrial Organization, 13, 57-84.
  • Winter, S. G. (1971): Satisficing, Selection, and The Innovating Remnant. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 85, 237-261.
  • Yeung, K. (2010): The Regulatory State. En R. Bald-win/ M. Cave/ M. Lodge (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Regulation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 64-83.
  • Zabczyk, J. (1995): Mathematical Control Theory. An Introduction. Boston: Birkhäuser.
  • Zipursky, B. C. (2003): Civil Recourse, Not Corrective Justice. Georgetown Law Journal, 91, 695-756.