Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in persons with gender dysphoria
- Elena García-Vega 1
- Aida Camero
- María Fernández 1
- Ana Villaverde
-
1
Universidad de Oviedo
info
ISSN: 0214-9915
Año de publicación: 2018
Volumen: 30
Número: 3
Páginas: 283-288
Tipo: Artículo
Otras publicaciones en: Psicothema
Resumen
Background: The little research there is about suicidal behaviour in those with gender dysphoria indicates that they are at a much higher risk of death by suicide and suicidal behaviour than the general population. The objective of this research is to analyse the prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts reported by people who attended consultations at the Gender Identity Treatment Unit between 2007 and 2017 presenting complaints related to gender dysphoria. Method: An ex-post facto study with a sample of 151 people who were clients at the unit, 97 in the male to female trans group, 54 female to male. Clinical evaluations were carried out assessing variables of suicidal ideation and attempts, along with a possible psychiatric diagnosis. Results: Almost half (48.3%) reported suicidal ideation, 23.8% had attempted suicide. Conclusions: There are higher levels of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in people with gender dysphoria than in the general population. No differences were seen between groups in terms of gender/sex. Psychiatric morbidity was not an infl uential variable for suicidal behaviour. This suggests that suicidal ideation is one of the best indicators of the risk of suicidal behaviours
Referencias bibliográficas
- American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
- Asscheman, H., Giltay, E.J., Megens, J.A., de Ronde, W.P., van Trotsenburg, M.A., & Gooren, L.J. (2011). A long-term follow-up study of mortality in transsexuals receiving treatment with cross-sex hormones. Eur J Endocrinol, 164(4), 635-642. doi: 10.1530/EJE-10-1038
- Bockting, W.O., Huang, C.Y., Ding, H., Robinson, B., & Rosser, B.R.S. (2005). Are transgender persons at higher risk for HIV than other sexual minorities? A comparison of HIV prevalence and risks. International Journal of Transgenderism, 8(2/3), 123-131. doi: 10.1300/J485v08n02_11
- Bodlund, O., y Kullgren, G. (1996). Transsexualism—general outcome and prognostic factors: A five-year follow-up study of nineteen transsexuals in the process of changing sex. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25(3), 303-316. doi: 10.1007/BF02438167
- Clements-Nolle, K., Marx, R., & Katz, M. (2006). Attempted suicide among transgender persons: The influence of gender-based discrimination and victimization. Journal of Homosexuality, 51(3), 53-69. doi: 10.1300/J082v51n03_04
- Dhejne, C., Lichtenstein, P., Boman, M., Johansson, A.L., Langstrom, N., & Landen, M. (2011). Long-term follow-up of transsexual persons undergoing sex reassignment surgery: cohort study in Sweden. PloS one, 6(2): e16885. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016885
- Dixen, J.M., Maddever, H., Van Maasdam, J., & Edwards, P.W. (1984). Psychosocial characteristics of applicants evaluated for surgical gender reassignment. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 13(3), 269-276. doi: 10.1007/BF01541653
- Fernández Rodríguez, M., & García-Vega, E. (2012). Variables clínicas en el trastorno de identidad de género. [Clinical variables in gender identity disorders]. Psicothema, 24(4), 555-560.
- Gómez-Durán, E. L., Forti-Buratti, M.A., Gutiérrez-López, B., BelmonteIbáñez, A., & Martin-Fumadó, C. (2016). Psychiatric disorders in cases of completed suicide in a hospital area in Spain between 2007 and 2010. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, 9(1), 31-38. doi: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2014.02.001
- Gómez Gil, E., Esteva, I,. & Bergero, T. (2006). Transsexuality, transsexualism or gender identity disorder in the adult. Concept and basic characteristics. Cuadernos de Medicina Psicosomática, 78, 714.
- Gómez Gil, E., Esteva, I., Almaraz, M,C., Godás, T. Halperin, R., & Soriguer, F.(2011). The demand for health care services in the gender identity units of Andalusia and Catalonia during the period of 2000 to 2009. Revista Clínica Española, 211(5), 233-239. doi: 10.1016/j. rce.2011.02.002
- Grant, J.M., Mottet, L.A., Tanis, J., Harrison, J., Herman, J.L., & Keisling, M. (2011). Injustice at every turn: A report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.
- Grossman, A.H., & D’Augelli, A.R. (2007). Transgender Youth and LifeThreatening Behaviors. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 37(5), 527-537. doi: 10.1521/suli.2007.37.5.527
- Guzmán-Parra, J., Sánchez-Álvarez, N., de Diego-Otero, Y., PérezCostillas, L., Esteva de Antonio, I., Navais-Barranco, M., Castro-Zamudio, S., & Bergero-Miguel, T. (2016). Sociodemographic characteristics and psychological adjustment among transsexuals in Spain. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(3), 587-596. doi: 10.1007/ s10508-015-0557-6
- Haas, A.P., Rodgers, P.L., & Herman J.L. (2014). Suicide attempts among transgender and gender non-conforming adults. American foundation for suicide prevention. Retrieved from http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla. edu/wp-content/uploads/AFSP-Williams-Suicide-Report-Final.pdf
- Hawton, K. (2000). Sex and suicide. Gender differences in suicidal behaviour. Bristish Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 484-485.
- Hawton, K., Casañas, I., Comabella, C., Haw, C., & Saunders, K. (2013) Risk factors for suicide in individuals with depression: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147, 17-28. doi: 10.1016/j. jad.2013.01.004
- Hepp, U., Kraemer, B., Schnyder, U., Miller, N., & Delsignore, A. (2005) Psychiatric comorbidity in gender identity disorder. Journal of Psychosomatic research, 58(3), 259-261. doi: 10.1016/j. jpsychores.2004.08.010
- Hirsch, J.K., Cohn, T.J., Rowe, C.A., & Rimmer S.E. (2017). Minority sexual orientation, gender identity status and suicidal behavior: serial indirect effects of hope, hopelessness and depressive symptoms. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 15(2), 260270. doi: 10.1007/s11469-016-9723-x
- Holt, V., Skagerberg, E., & Dunsford, M. (2014). Young people with features of gender dysphoria: demographics and associated difficulties. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 21(1), 108-118. doi: 10.1177/1359104514558431
- Hoshiai, M., Matsumoto, Y., Sato, T., Ohnishi, M., Okabe, N., Kishimoto, Y., Terasa, S., & Kuroda, S. (2010). Psychiatric comorbidity among patients with gender identity disorder. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 64, 514-519.
- Huerta Ramírez, R. (2014). Suicidal behavior in general Spanish adult population (Doctoral thesis, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid). Retrieved from https://repositorio.uam.es/bitstream/ handle/10486/664923
- Hurtado Murillo, F. (2015). Gender dysphoria in childhood and adolescence: Clinical Practice Guide. Revista Española de Endocrinología Pediátrica, 6, 45-52. doi. 10.3266/RevEspEndocrinolPediatr. pre2015
- Irwin, J.A., Coleman, J.D., Fisher, C.M., & Marasco, V.M. (2014). Correlates of suicide ideation among LGBT Nebraskans. Journal of Homosexuality, 8(61), 1172-1191. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2014.872521
- Jiménez Zarazúa, C., Rodríguez Salinas, M., Motilla, K., & Mascareñas, J. (2015). The multidisciplinary evaluation on gender dysphoria: a case report and review of the literature. Biomedicina, 1(1), 1-11.
- Kenagy, G.P. (2005). Transgender health: Findings from two needs assessment studies in Philadelphia. Health & Social Work, 30(1), 1926. doi: 10.1093/hsw/30.1.19
- Mas grau, J (2017). Del transexualismo a la disforia de género en el DSM. Cambios terminológicos, misma esencia patologizante [From transsexualism to gender dysphoria in the DSM. Terminological changes, same pathologising essence]. Revista Internacional de Sociología, 75(2):e059. doi: 10.3989/ris.2017.75.2.15.63
- Mathy, R.M. (2002). Transgender identity and suicidality in a nonclinical sample: Sexual orientation, psychiatric history, and compulsive behaviors. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 14(4), 47-65. doi: 10.1300/J056v14n04_03
- Miret, M., Caballero, F.F., Huerta-Ramírez, R., Moneta, M.V., Olaya, B., Chatterju, S., Haro, J.M.., & Ayuso-Mateos, J.L. (2014). Factors associated with suicidal ideation and attempts in Spain for different age groups. Prevalence before and after the onset of the economic crisis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 163, 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.045
- O’Connor, R.C., & Nock, M.K. (2014). The psychology of suicidal behavior. Lancet Psychiatry, 1(1), 73-85. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70222-6
- O’Carroll, P.W., Berman, A.L., Maris, R.W., Moscicki, E.K., Tanney, B.L., & Silverman, M.M. (1996). Beyond the Tower of Babel: a nomenclature for suicidology. Suicide Life Threat Behav, 26, 237-252.
- Okasha A, Lotaif F., & Sadek A. (1981). Prevalence of suicidal feelings in a sample of non-consulting medical students. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 63(5), 409-415. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1981.tb00690.x
- Palmer, S. (comp.) (2007). Suicide: Strategies and Interventions for Reduction and Prevention. New York: Ed. Routledge.
- Sánchez, S., Casquero, J., Chávez, S., & Liendo, G. (2014). Characteristics and effects of female hormones used by male transsexuals in Lima,Peru. Anales de la Facultad de Medicina, 75(4), 313-317. doi:0.15381/ anales.v75i4.10844
- Scanlon, K., Travers, R., Coleman, T., Bauer, G., & Boyce, M. (2010). Ontario’s trans communities and suicide: Transphobia is bad for our health. Trans Pulse Bulletin, 1(2). Retrieved from http://transpulse.ca/ documents/E2English.pdf.
- Spack, N.P., Edwards-Leeper, L., Feldman, H.A., Leibowitz, S., Mandel, F., Diamond, A.D., & Vance, S.R. (2012). Children an adolescent with gender identity disorder referred to a pediatric medical center. Pediatrics, 129(3), 418-425. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-0907
- Statistics National Institute (2016). Deaths according to the cause of death. Retrieved from http://www.ine.es/prensa/np963.pdf
- World Health Organization (1992). The International Clasification of Disease (ICE-10). Ginebra: WHO.
- World Health Organization (2014). Preventing suicide: a global imperative. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/1 31056/1/9789241564779_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1
- Xavier, J.M., Bobbin, M., Singer, B., & Budd, E. (2005). Needs assessment of transgendered people of color living in Washington, DC. International Journal of Transgenderism, 8, 31-47. doi: 10.1300/ J485v08n02_04